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Papias (Byzantine office)
The ''papias'' ((ギリシア語:παπίας)) was a eunuch official in the Byzantine court, responsible for the security and maintenance of the buildings of the imperial palaces in Constantinople. He commanded an extensive staff and performed in important role in palace ceremonies. In the Palaiologan period, the honorary title of ''megas papias'' ("grand ''papias''") was created and awarded to senior aristocrats.
==History and role==
The term is etymologically connected to πάππος or ("father, priest"). It is first attested in a seal dated to circa 550–650, and next recorded in the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor for the year 780.〔.〕 There were three ''papiai'', all eunuchs: one for the Great Palace itself (, ''papias tou megalou palatiou''), and two others for its adjuncts, the Magnaura and the palace of Daphne (the and ). The latter was created by Emperor Michael III (r. 842–867), while the former is attested only in Philotheos's ''Kletorologion'' of 899.〔〔.〕〔.〕 The ''papias'' of the Great Palace was a very important official. Often styled "grand ''papias''" (Greek: μέγας παπίας, ''megas papias''),〔.〕 and usually holding the rank of ''protospatharios'',〔.〕 he was the concierge of the palace and responsible for its security. He held the keys to the doors of the palace (and of the palace prison) and opened them every morning together with the ''megas hetaireiarches''.〔 He thus controlled physical access to the imperial quarters, and was an important element in any conspiracy against the Byzantine emperor's life, as demonstrated in the usurpations of Michael II in 820 and Basil I in 867.〔〔.〕 It is possible that initially the other two ''papiai'' were subordinate to the ''papias'' of the Great Palace.〔.〕〔.〕
Like all senior palace functionaries, the ''papias'' of the Great Palace also fulfilled certain ceremonial duties. Aside from the ritual unlocking of the palace doors, he for instance formally ended the daily imperial audiences by rattling the keys, the symbol of his office. At ceremonies for the promotion of officials, he censed the main audience hall of the Chrysotriklinos and the Byzantine emperor, and on August 1, he carried a cross in procession through the streets of the capital, visiting the most wealthy citizens and receiving donations.〔〔.〕
By the 12th century, the ''papias'' was probably opened up to non-eunuchs as well. New ''papiai'' for the Chalke and the new Blachernae Palace are also attested in the 12th century.〔.〕 In the Palaiologan period, the ''megas papias'' ("Grand ''papias''") became a specific dignity awarded to senior members of the aristocracy. In the 13th century, it was probably an actual office, but it became a purely honorary title in the 14th century.〔〔.〕〔On the known Palaiologan-era ''megaloi papiai'', cf. .〕 In the mid-14th century ''Book of Offices'' of Pseudo-Kodinos, the title occupies the 22nd position in the Byzantine imperial hierarchy,〔.〕 and its insignia were: a wooden staff (''dikanikion'') with alternating gold and red-gold knobs, a ''skiadion'' hat with embroidery of the ''klapoton'' type, another type of hat called ''skaranikon'' of white and gold silk with gold-wire embroidery and images of the Byzantine emperor in the front and back, and a silk robe of office or ''kabbadion''.〔.〕
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